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Ideology is one of the most controversial concepts encountered in
political analysis. Although the term now tends to be used in a neutral
sense, to refer to a developed social philosophy or "world view", it had in
the past heavily negative or pejorative connotations. During its some-
times tortuous career, the concept of ideology has commonly been used
as a political weapon to condemn or criticize rival creeds or doctrines.
The term "ideology" was coined in 1976 by the French philoso-
pher Destutt de Tracy. He used it to refer to a new "science of ideas"
(literally an idea-ology) that set out to uncover the origins of con-
scious thought and ideas.
From a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a more or less
coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political ac-
tion, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the ex-
isting system of power relationships.
All ideologies therefore:
a) offer an account of the existing order, usually in form of a
"world view"
b) provide a model of a desired future, a vision of the Good Society and
c) outline how political change can and should be brought
about. Ideologies are not, however, hermetically sealed systems of
thought; rather, they are fluid sets of ideals which overlap with one
another at a number of points. At a "fundamental" level, ideologies
resemble political philosophies; at an "operative" level, they take the
form of broad political movements.
1. Why did ideology have pejorative connotations?
2. Who coined the term "ideology" and what is the origin of
the world?
3. Why is any ideology to be viewed from a social-scientific
viewpoint?
4. What are the main aims of all ideologies?
5. Why aren't ideologies hermetically sealed systems of thought?
6. What do they resemble at a "fundamental" level?
7. What form do they take at an "operative" level?